Author Archives: Kip Welch

Process is all!

“Men must endure their going hence, even as their coming hither: Ripeness is all.” William Shakespeare, King Lear (Act 5, Scene 2)

“Life is not a substance, like water or rock; it’s a process, like fire or a wave crashing on the shore. It’s a process that begins, lasts for a while, and ultimately ends.” Carroll (2016), p. 2.

Existence is process

A foundational premise of this blog is that we humans have learned an important thing or two about our universe. One of those important things is that the universe is about process, not substance.

We often think of physical reality as founded on fundamental particles and laws that govern the motion of those particles. Process, on the other hand, is something intangible that occurs in time. It begins and then ends, which is different from concrete stuff like water or rock. But we have learned that beneath the surface of that supposed tangible reality of substance, is a deeper reality in which all existence is intangible, consisting of process, not substance.

The underlying truth is that we live in a universe of events and interactions, more than a universe of irreducible things and particles.[1] Water and rock, not to mention mountains and planets, are more accurately described as slow processes rather than permanent substances. All substances and particles exist in a state of constant change. They represent knots of energy in fields of process and interaction. Everything we know is process. It is what the universe is.

So yes, life is not a substance. Nor is anything else in the universe. Process, not substance, is the constituent element of the universe. It is the core of reality.

The most fundamental “thing” in the universe is process

Beneath all the processes familiar to us is one process that is the foundation of all others—the quantum wave function. To the best of our knowledge, the quantum wave function is the most fundamental “thing” in the universe. And that fundamental thing is a process, not a thing at all.[2]

It is the process that defines the quantum universe, a world of infinite possibilities existing simultaneously across the plane of quantum reality, a world where all things are possible because all outcomes and experiences exist in superposition with each other.

That one process also creates the great illusion in which we live. The wave function both generates a world of all possibilities and provides a mechanism for transforming those possibilities into the unique events that we experience in the macrocosmic world.

Process drives the engine of time

Quantum state reduction—the process of reducing all those possibilities into actual results—produces the stream of outcomes that we know as history. Somehow the wave function transforms a set of complex-number-weighted alternatives into real-number probabilities, enabling those probabilities to play out in the macrocosm and resolve into a stream of unique outcomes. It makes each successive moment uniquely different from the last. It is how the universe rolls the dice, creating time and history as each roll brings one unique moment after another.

Process may be the origin of consciousness

This process of resolving probabilities into outcomes underlies the entire macrocosmic universe. It is also the most fundamental characteristic of consciousness. Whether we call it “free will” or simply engineered decision-making, humans and other conscious entities have the apparent ability to make choices among a range of possibilities. The choices are not unconstrained; they are limited by the physical probabilities attached to each possible outcome, the decision-making capabilities of each entity, and the laws of physics. The probabilities are defined by the wave function for the moment and context in which the choice is made. Each choice then helps define the probabilities inherent in the wave function of the next moment, which results in another choice. The process of consciousness is a living dramatization of quantum state reduction.

We don’t know yet how the physics of quantum state reduction enables consciousness. There may be quantum interaction in the brains or nervous systems of conscious entities.[3] Biological processes may be constrained by deterministic necessity to advance the universe from one nanosecond to the next with quantum state reduction. The whole macrocosm, including consciousness, may be the result of a constant process of subatomic state reduction that materializes the stage on which history plays out.

Quantum state reduction and its connection to consciousness are not fully explained by today’s physics. When the physics is known, however, it may be that the process of quantum state reduction is the origin of the process of consciousness in the universe.

All conscious entities are connected to that fundamental process

Human consciousness, like human life, is not permanent in the form in which we experience it. Our individual consciousness is time-based and time-limited; as far as we know, we experience unique consciousness only while the components of consciousness that comprise our existence are part of a living person. We are process, not substance.

As process, however, we are intimately connected to the process at the core of history and time, the process that creates the macrocosmic illusion in which we live. We are participants in that process. We help define the universe through the process of resolving probabilities into unique outcomes. It is what we do and what we are.

Is that one process also the root of connected consciousness?

If conscious entities inherit consciousness from the primary process of quantum state reduction, does that physical process also connect forms of consciousness? Is the physical foundation for connected consciousness located in quantum interaction that both germinates the process of consciousness and connects all conscious entities across the universe? Is quantum state reduction the raw material of connected consciousness?

[1] See e.g., Rovelli (2017), pp. 97-99, “The world is not a collection of things, it is a collection of events.”

[2] See Professor Carroll again. “Not only does the deepest layer of reality not consist of things like ‘oceans’ and ‘mountains’; it doesn’t even consist of things like ‘electrons’ and ‘photons’. It’s just the quantum wave function. Everything else is a convenient way of talking.” Carroll (2016), p. 171

[3] Roger Penrose argues that human understanding includes a fundamental non-computable component. In his view, the source of that non-computability is likely to be found in quantum state reduction, which he believes must occur in the subatomic workings of the human brain. Penrose (1994), pp. 348-388. For a full review of the fascinating Orch OR theory of quantum consciousness developed by Penrose and Stuart Hameroff, see Hameroff and Penrose (2014).

Consciousness and the quantum wave function

Leave a reply

There is a longstanding interpretation of quantum physics in which a measurement conducted by an observer has the mysterious ability to “collapse” a probability wave function into a single measurement result. Whether this is a correct interpretation of quantum physics or whether the consciousness of the observer plays a role here is not a matter of agreement among physicists and philosophers. However, what does seem clear is that some form of interaction between the subatomic quantum world and the macroscopic classical world results in the probability distribution of a quantum wave function resolving into one unique, observable result. What is also clear is that a conscious observer, e.g., a scientist running an experiment in a lab, has the ability to produce an interaction that will resolve a quantum wave function into a unique measurement outcome.

Can a conscious observer collapse the wave function? Yes.

The result has been observed empirically, and it can be reproduced in a lab. Wave function collapse (also called state-vector reduction or quantum state reduction) is an established behavior of the quantum wave function when interacting with the macroscopic world through a conscious observer.

Is human consciousness required to collapse the wave function? Probably not.

The macroscopic universe and quantum state reduction have been around for 13.8 billion years; our earliest human ancestors arrived a mere 7 million years ago. Given these timeframes, it is unlikely that a human observer is required to collapse the wave function.

Quantum state reduction resolves quantum probabilities into unique outcomes. It transforms an array of co-existing possibilities with different probability amplitudes into a unique outcome, a distinct moment in time. The universe has managed this process without us for billions of years.

The macroscopic universe is manifestly not a place of co-existing possibilities in superposition. It is a place of actualities and events comprising macrocosmic history—the universe exploded; galaxies were born; stars and star systems evolved; we and perhaps others like us came into existence. All of these events occurred in a particular way because of a constant process of wave function collapse and transformation.

What does that tell us? It tells us that, in addition to physicists in a lab, there are other things or processes in the universe with the capacity to perform the magic.

The wave function has been performing the magic for billions of years

It is an empirical reality that some form of interaction between the macroscopic classical world and the microscopic quantum world results in quantum state reduction. This process has been going on since at least the Big Bang, and we have hypothesized that it serves as the underlying engine of time. Somehow the transformation from microcosmic quantum superposition into macrocosmic unique reality takes place.

We don’t have a full understanding of how this process happens. We don’t know if macroscopic interaction truly “collapses” the wave function or if what we describe as “collapse” is the result of some other process in the universe, such as the splitting of reality into “many worlds” in which all possibilities play out. We know only that there exists a process in the universe whereby interaction between the macrocosmic and quantum worlds causes probabilities to become outcomes, producing a stream of moments that we know as time and history. This process is at the core of macrocosmic existence. It is what the universe does.

The ability of the universe to perform this process without the interference of humans is not a matter of reasonable scientific doubt. The open question is not whether human consciousness is required for quantum state reduction. Clearly it is not. The real question is whether this universal process is required for consciousness.

Is quantum state reduction required for consciousness?

In the broad sense, the answer to this question must be yes. The macrocosmic universe as we know it would not exist without quantum state reduction, so we humans and human consciousness also would not exist.

However, does consciousness require quantum state reduction in a more functional sense as well? Does the process of consciousness require quantum interaction either at the neuron or subatomic level inside our brains? Could there be a continuing process of quantum state reduction occurring in the brain that enables the distinctive, noncomputable qualities of consciousness?[1]

Is the wave function the origin of consciousness?

The jury is still out on whether quantum interaction plays a role in the physical functioning of the human brain. But perhaps the answer is simpler than that. Could there be a more ontological connection between the universal process of quantum state reduction and the process of consciousness? Does the ability of a conscious observer to perform quantum state reduction in a lab suggest a taxonomical connection?

The process of resolving probabilities into outcomes is perhaps the most fundamental process in the universe. Is it also the most essential attribute of consciousness? At a physical level, is human consciousness a species or instantiation of the universal process of resolving probabilities into outcomes?[2]

Is process consciousness?

Quantum state reduction occurs every nanosecond in the macrocosmic universe. We exist because of it. We are also part of it. Our human consciousness is one of many processes in the universe that resolve probabilities into outcomes. We are built as decision-making entities to survive through the choices we make and the actions we take. Does the process of making choices perform the equivalent of quantum state reduction? Do our choices resolve probabilities into outcomes that then shape more probabilities and more outcomes? Is the process of consciousness part of a more universal process of becoming that has its roots in the microscopic quantum world?

If that is so, can consciousness be generalized to comprise any process that constitutes a resolution of the wave function into an outcome? Is that the abstract, most generalized definition of consciousness?

Is the process of quantum state reduction itself the functional and ontological equivalent of consciousness?

[1] Physicist and mathematician Roger Penrose and neuroscientist Stuart Hameroff have developed an ingenious theory called Orchestrated Objective Reduction (or Orch OR), which builds on Penrose’s theories around the objective nature of quantum state reduction to construct a model of brain behavior and the development of consciousness based on quantum interactions. For a review of the current status of the theory and related empirical research, see Hameroff and Penrose (2014). For a detailed discussion of possible quantum interaction in the brain and non-algorithmic, noncomputable ingredients in thought and consciousness, see Penrose (1989), pp. 516-581, and Penrose (1994).

[2] Penrose and Hameroff argue that the objective process of quantum state reduction (Objective Reduction or OR) results in moments of proto-consciousness in the universe. These events are hypothesized to have “rudimentary subjective experience, which is undifferentiated and lacking in cognition”, but which serve as raw materials that can be orchestrated through evolution of more complex brain interactions to create full-blown consciousness. Hameroff and Penrose (2014), p. 72.

Red-vented Bulbol

If I could wing 
into any affair
as boldly as you,
perch on a chair 
all clever black crown 
and silvery flare,
with barely a flash 
of scarlet down there,
I would be welcome anywhere.

Is the script of the play already written?

Leave a reply

If the quantum wave function is the engine of time, relentlessly transforming probabilities into unique outcomes, is there a role for free will in that relentless transformation?

It may be that the interaction between the wave function and the disentangled, post-Big Bang macrocosm serves as the engine of time, providing the physical framework for the recurring transformation of probabilities into outcomes that comprises macrocosmic history. Is what we call “free will” an instantiation of this universal mechanism for creating outcomes from probabilities, a localized expression of a generalized universal process for creating the future?

Degrees of freedom

The neuroscientist Anil Seth talks about free will in terms of “degrees of freedom.”[1] In other words, humans have the ability to make voluntary choices, given the range of options available to us, but our choices are not unconstrained. There are obvious and practical limits on the freedom of action of any human being or any conscious entity whether human or not. None of us, for instance, is free to violate the laws of physics.

And yet we have some degree of freedom. We make decisions. We choose within the constraints given to us. Our choices may be circumscribed, but they are not predetermined in every respect by what has come before.

We do not live in a deterministic Newtonian world

There was a time when scientists believed that every action in the universe could be predicted by previous events. With sufficient information about all the forces exercising influence over the current moment, we could predict all subsequent moments just as the movement of billiard balls can be predicted based on their positions and the forces applied.

That version of scientific determinism died with quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle. Today we know that we live in a world of probabilities, not certainties. There is no absolutely predetermined path for all objects, waves, or even time. There is only the quantum wave function and its ability to describe probabilities with astonishing accuracy.

How deterministic is the quantum wave function?

The wave function is an arrangement of probabilities, not a prediction of one specific outcome for every interaction. However, it is accurate across a large number of interactions, and the future wave function of a system is determined by the wave function of that system in the present, i.e., the probabilities of the future are determined by the probabilities of the present.[2] Some would say that quantum mechanics in that sense is every bit as deterministic as Newtonian physics.

But it is also true that the wave function of any future moment is influenced by the outcomes arising from the wave functions of prior moments. Every set of probabilities yields an outcome, which then influences the wave function for the next moment, creating a new set of probabilities and a new outcome. The process repeats over and over and over again.

Even a deterministic wave function provides degrees of freedom to influence each successive outcome. The wave function limits my personal freedom in a way that is conceptually similar to something very mundane—the constraints of everyday life. We make decisions within those constraints, i.e., within the range of probabilities provided by the wave function. Those constraints and probabilities set a context and circumscribe our choices. Is that “free will?” Do we need more than that?

Our choices help resolve probabilities into outcomes

There is a plausible version of reality in which the universe is governed by the mechanics of the wave function. Time itself is driven by the many ways in which the universe transforms probabilities into unique outcomes.

We as humans do not control either the macrocosmic or microcosmic mechanism that drives that process. But we are part of it. We are at the very least cogs in the mechanics of time and the wave function.

What we call “free will” may be one of many mechanisms in the universe contributing to the mechanics of time. We make decisions and exercise choices. Our choices in each moment affect the probabilities that define the range of options in the next moment. Every moment of our existence, every nanosecond, proceeds in this way.

That is what we do. What the universe expects us to do. What the mechanics of time and the wave function demands that we do. We help resolve probabilities into unique outcomes by exercising the degrees of freedom offered by the complexity of our brains and our everchanging, illusory sense of self. That is who we are.

What we do is important

If the engine of time relies on the continuing interactions which transform probabilities into unique outcomes, we may have an essential purpose in helping to drive those transformations within our small sphere of influence. It is entirely possible that time and history depend on entities like us fulfilling that role.

We do not have the freedom to violate the laws of physics, but the laws of physics themselves may determine that we exercise the degrees of freedom available to us. Just as other entities in the universe must exercise the degrees of freedom available to them in order to drive the engine of time.

“Free will” is part of the engine of time

If the quantum wave function is the engine of time, the function of that engine requires mechanisms for transforming probabilities into unique outcomes. It requires disentangled interaction to influence and drive the progress of time.

What we call “free will,” governed by the constraints of our circumstances and the laws of nature, may be one of those mechanisms of disentangled interaction. The process of exercising free will may be functionally equivalent to the process by which a quantum wave function resolves into a unique outcome.

In other words, we have exactly the freedom that the universe gives us. We have the ability to transform a range of probabilities into unique outcomes. That is a powerful ability. And it is given to us by the fundamental forces of nature. It is what the universe does. It is what we do as part of the universe.

[1] “[E]ach of us has a very real capacity to execute and to inhibit voluntary action, thanks to our brain’s ability to control our many degrees of freedom…. It is not, however, freedom from the laws of nature or from the causal fabric of the universe.” Seth (2021), p. 230.

[2] Some might say even that the outcome itself is deterministic within the particular universe in which we exist. That all outcomes are determined within at least one of the many universes that spring into existence at every quantum intersection. But that begs the question—what determines which of the many universes will comprise the unique one in which each of us lives? It is certainly not the bouncing of the billiard balls, or why would there be a need for any universe but one.

What makes time go?

Leave a reply

Time goes in only one direction

Physicists say that entropy sets the direction of time. A broken teacup falls apart; it does not spring back together. Heat spreads and dissipates; it does not increase without a source of new heat. Unless the second law of thermodynamics is false, aggregate entropy in the universe can only increase, not decrease. Entropy advances inexorably—the force that points the arrow of time toward the future.

All things in spacetime therefore move only in one direction ultimately. That has been true since at least the Big Bang, the immediate result of which was a universe of very low entropy. Exploding from perhaps a microscopic singularity, the universe became almost instantaneously a massive macrocosm of ordered, compressed, very hot energy. That macrocosm has been expanding and expending that energy since, and there was ever only one direction for it to go—toward a state of lower heat and higher entropy.

But what makes time go at all?

My question is different from the one answered by entropy. I want to know not why time goes in one direction, but simply why time goes.

When you wind a pendulum clock, there is only one direction for the springs to go. They unwind; they do not wind up if left alone. They do not move if left alone, unless and until the pendulum moves. What swings the pendulum? What starts the clock?

If the universe could go in only one direction after the Big Bang, why did it go? Why didn’t the universe stand still without moving forward or backward? Why did the universe go in any direction?

Microcosmic quantum reality is not time as we know it

A physicist might say that the universe is a place of constant quantum activity, with so much inherent quantum evolution of systems or general quantum fluctuation that it is impossible for the universe ever to stand still. The universe must go; the quantum state of the universe demands it.

But the microcosmic quantum world may not follow the arrow of time or depend on entropy in the way prescribed in the macrocosmic world. A quantum wave function describes the probability amplitudes of different possibilities, all of which can remain in a state of superposition in the microcosm. Schrödinger’s cat can be both dead and alive. Without a single, unique state, it has no definite history of unique moments following one after the other. Instead, the cat exists in a state of constant possibility evolving into more possibilities.

It is not until the cat interacts with the macroscopic world that its fate is known—or that it has any fate at all. Without the macrocosm, the quantum world is little more than a soup of constant interaction and simultaneous possibility. And that quantum soup does not have a direct relationship with time or forward direction. At the quantum level there very likely is no time and no direction in time; there is only the quantum wave function.

Time requires more

The quantum microcosm underlies the grand sweep of history, but it is not history. History requires more than a quantum puzzle of entangled superpositions; it requires change and movement, actual unique events, a macrocosmic world evolving over billions of years. History and time assume a quantum wave function that results in more than superpositions with constantly changing probability amplitudes, but instead produces a stream of unique macrocosmic outcomes, a stream of history.

Time measures change and movement

Probability is a function of time, measuring the likelihood of change and movement. At its core the quantum wave function is a probability distribution that both calculates abstract possibilities in superposition and measures the likelihood of detecting an actual event[1] in a particular location and time. It effectively assumes the existence of time as a medium in which probabilities have the potential to resolve into outcomes.[2]

The quantum wave function exists in two phases. In the first phase, when a system is isolated, the wave function exists as superpositioned probability amplitudes evolving according to the deterministic rules of the Schrödinger equation. In the second phase, when a system is not isolated, when the wave function interacts with something distinct from itself—something in the macroscopic world—it evolves in a new and more random way. Instead of a microcosmic wave function of probability amplitudes, it becomes a set of actual probabilities that resolve into one unique outcome in the macrocosm. Essentially, the dice are thrown, resulting in a unique moment in time and history.[3]

We don’t know why or how interaction with the macroscopic world causes probability amplitudes to resolve into outcomes. We don’t know if quantum wave functions “collapse” to produce unique outcomes or if the universe splits into “many worlds” at every quantum intersection. We know only that the universe includes some form of interaction between the macrocosmic and quantum worlds that results in probabilities becoming outcomes—that produces a stream of outcomes.

Quantum wave functions as we know them interact with the macrocosm and resolve calculable sets of probabilities into unique outcomes. Each outcome influences another wave function and another set of probabilities, which resolves again into a new unique outcome. That is how the macrocosm functions today. That is how history progresses. That is how time works.

How did a quantum soup become a macrocosm of history and time?

Perhaps before the Big Bang there was only quantum fluctuation or isolated quantum evolution, with no history and no time. A world of possibilities and probabilities only, without direction, without outcomes, without resolution. There was no spacetime and no macrocosmic world, perhaps only a universal state of complete, unbroken entanglement.

In such a pre-Big Bang universe, there could have been no possible interaction between a macrocosmic world and the microcosmic quantum world. There was only one thoroughly entangled universe with no interactive mechanism for possibilities to become outcomes. Wave functions that interact with a macrocosm, driving the universe forward, resolving probabilities into outcomes—did not exist at all.

Yet that timeless quantum world eventually fluctuated into an explosive state that produced the Big Bang. The result was a macrocosmic world of massive, organized energy with very low entropy, a disentangled universe waiting for a new form of quantum interaction.

Did the Big Bang create both the arrow of time and the engine of time?

If interaction with the macroscopic world causes quantum wave functions to resolve into outcomes, did the state of low entropy that followed the Big Bang set the stage for that macroscopic interaction? Did the Big Bang create just enough separation and disentanglement in the universe to start the chain of collapses and unique outcomes that we know as history? Just enough of whatever it took to cause quantum wave functions to resolve into unique events, pushing all other possible outcomes into the realm of imagination or many worlds? Is the wave function the engine of time?

Does the wave function create the great illusion?

It may be reasonable to think of microcosmic quantum reality as a world of possibilities only—a world where all things are possible, a world that mathematically defines the probabilities of all outcomes. But a world without a mechanism for turning probabilities into outcomes.

It is the macrocosmic world that is about outcomes. The great illusion that is the macrocosmic world may be the mechanism by which the universe creates outcomes. Perhaps when quantum fluctuation caused the Big Bang and created spacetime, that new macrocosm became a Petri dish for a new form of quantum interaction that enabled probabilities to resolve into outcomes, starting the clock of history and birthing the great illusion that we live in today.

[1] Which may or may not be equivalent to the likelihood of an event occurring in a particular location and time.

[2] A probability and outcome assume movement and change. Something is probable and then something occurs. Does the concept of probability have meaning without the possibility of a future outcome? Perhaps. But is difficult to conceive of a world of probability that would not eventually, in some way, experience an outcome.

[3] Roger Penrose has suggested that this result, called quantum state-vector reduction, could be explained as a gravitational phenomenon in a yet-to-be-specified theory of quantum gravity. “My own point of view is that as soon as a ‘significant’ amount of space-time curvature is introduced, the rules of quantum linear superposition must fail. It is here that the complex-amplitude superpositions of potentially alternative states become replaced by probability-weighted actual alternatives—and one of the alternatives indeed actually takes place.” Penrose (1989), p. 475 (emphasis in original).

Our role in the play

Leave a reply

Beneath the surface of the great illusion, the universe is seemingly a soup of quantum interaction generating a constant flow of illusory experience on the four-dimensional stage of spacetime. We and all other entities in the universe play out our existence as part of this great drama.

Is the play all about us? Probably not.

For most of our recent existence, we humans have imagined that the great drama is mostly about us. We see ourselves at the center of the universe, brought into existence by a creator who stages the play for our benefit.

We know now that we are not the center. The sun does not orbit around us as we once thought. Our sun’s system is one of hundreds of millions in the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of hundreds of millions of galaxies in the universe. The likelihood that this great expanse exists for our sake seems vanishingly remote.

Are we in the cast?

So if the universe does not exist for our sake, do we at least have a role in the great drama? Absolutely.

We even have an important role, one that we share with all other entities alongside us in the universe.

We make choices. We make decisions. We act and interact. And by doing so, we turn probabilities into reality.

The universe presents us with options every moment of our existence, and from those options we make choices. Every choice transforms a host of probable possibilities into a single outcome. Sometimes we choose the most probable outcome; sometimes we do not. But every choice, action, or moment of awareness adds a unique outcome to the stream of outcomes that shape the drama of the universe.

The play is driven by probabilities, not certainties

We live in uncertainty, both in the macrocosmic world of the great illusion and the microcosmic world of quantum reality. It is not a practical uncertainty, driven by unknowns, but a fundamental uncertainty driven by quantum interaction. The core of our reality is not an endless stream of cause and effect pushing the universe down a wholly determined path. Our universe is about a flow of probabilities and interactions, with every interaction affecting the next set of probabilities. The future can never be predicted definitively in the way we once imagined; it is possible only to know the probabilities for the future. That is fundamental, and it cannot be changed.

Our choices and experiences define future probabilities

Every choice and every experience eliminates other potential options from contention. By choosing among the options and experiencing each moment presented to us, we create information about the universe.[1] Constantly. That is what we do.

Not just us. Every creature or organism that moves or acts or chooses or experiences, even in a rudimentary way—turns left instead of right, flies or walks, jumps or dives, slithers or stays at rest—creates information about the world. Every one of those actions or experiences define what the world is instead of what it could have been.

A philosophizing physicist might suggest that we and other entities help collapse the quantum wave function of the universe. That perhaps every choice or experience collapses the wave function of probabilities for that moment into a single outcome. And that every outcome then affects the distribution of probabilities in the wave function for the next moment.[2]

We help create the future

Like all the other creatures or entities that inhabit the universe, we help transform the universe from probability to reality. We create information about the universe that turns the future into the present. That is our role. The universe needs us to do that.

So we are in the play and the cast. Our role is vital. But it is not unique to us.

[1] “At any one time, we have precisely one conscious experience out of vastly many possible conscious experiences. Every conscious experience therefore delivers a massive reduction of uncertainty, since this experience is being had, and not that experience, or that experience, and so on. And reduction of uncertainty is—mathematically—what is meant by ‘information’” Seth (2021), p. 56.

[2] A set of probabilities prior to an interaction results in an outcome from the interaction. That outcome then changes the state reflected in the wave function for the very next moment. The world is presented with a new wave function, a new set of probabilities that influences a new interaction and outcome. And the process repeats itself. On and on. Forever. This is how quantum mechanics might describe creating the future.

‘Ua’u kani

Pity the wedge-tailed shearwater,
moaning in the dark daily,
rising unfailingly
from beneath the sands
to vanish in shadows
between the pink-orange sky
and the blue-black sea.

Is spacetime real?

Leave a reply

Spacetime is the stage where the great illusion unfolds. It is the fabric of the macrocosmic universe, the matrix underlying the holodeck.

But how real is it?

Certainly it is real in the sense of scientifically verifiable. Experiments confirm how space and time interact in the four-dimensional spacetime field. The empirical reality of spacetime is not subject to reasonable doubt.

So is spacetime the underlying reality beneath the great macrocosmic illusion? Is it fundamental? Is it real in that sense?

Probably not.

Spacetime began, and if it can begin, it can end

Physics says that spacetime began early in the history of the universe and that without the Big Bang spacetime might not exist.

We don’t know what, if anything, was before spacetime; we don’t know what, if anything, could follow spacetime. Before the Big Bang the entire universe could have been subsumed in a singularity without time or spatial dimension. There could have been nothing at all, just a vacuum of “nothingness” with random quantum fluctuations.[1]

The future of the universe also could be a singularity. Or perhaps with all free energy spent and entropy at its maximum, there could be nothing remaining but the seeming stillness of quantum interactions in a state of universal thermodynamic equilibrium.

Whatever the universe was, or will be, there is something more fundamental than spacetime. Spacetime began.

What is beneath spacetime?

We think of the universe as spacetime and a collection of galaxies and stars and planets, comprised of microscopic particles and fundamental forces that shape all things and events. But is the universe composed of core components at all? Or is what we conceive as the underlying microscopic reality of the universe also an illusion? Is there something more fundamental than either the macroscopic world of galaxies and stars or the microscopic world of electrons and atoms?

We know that the objects that curve and bend spacetime are not themselves solid as they appear. They have massive gravitational fields but are little more than empty space containing orbiting or vibrating wave-like semi-particles held together by forces more fundamental than their own gravitational mass. The tiniest semi-particles in the universe are knots of energy interacting in patterns constantly, and every physical “thing” is at its deepest level a process or interaction. Beneath the hood reality is not a collection of irreducible substances, but interactions and processes and events that give rise to the illusion of substances.[2]

We know that time is not absolute and unchanging, that the processes, events, and interactions that drive the universe are not arranged in lockstep chronological order. At the most fundamental level of known reality, the arrow of time does not drive a chronological history of distinct events. Instead, at the quantum level, there are no distinct events, but only a stream of wave functions describing the probability amplitudes of an almost infinite spectrum of possibilities. Instead of driving events, entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics may only influence the shape of those microcosmic wave functions. It is only above the level of the microcosm, in the great illusion of the macrocosmic universe, that wave function amplitudes become actual probabilities resolving into unique outcomes and the distinct events of history.

Is the microcosmic core of the universe nothing more than a timeless lake of entangled possibilities arranged in order of probability by the physical laws of the quantum wave function? Or beneath even that, is it a vacuum of nothingness comprised only of random bursts of quantum fluctuation? Is this the underlying reality from which the great illusion has sprung in some way that we do not understand?

Spacetime is not fundamental reality

The great illusion may not be the macrocosmic universe as we know it, the world of countless galaxies with trillions of stars and planets, the world of mountains and oceans. Perhaps the ultimate illusion is the world of spacetime itself and the laws of physics that govern the interactions of what we perceive as objects in spacetime. Entropy and the laws of physics and the reality of local time and relative time may not underlie the illusion; they may be the illusion, the very things that comprise the holodeck and our reality.

Beneath it all may be only the quantum wave function itself—ceaseless interactions, entanglements, and superpositioned possibilities—somehow resolving into a stage where all probabilities play out. Perhaps everything else is imagined and illusory, a way of talking about reality, but no more real than mountains and oceans and waves crashing on the shore.[3]

So no, spacetime is probably not real in the sense of the fundamental basis of the universe. It is a constructed stage. Constructed out of the many possibilities inherent in the quantum universe—for us and all other things and entities that exist in the universe. It is our stage, but it is not the bottom of what is real.

[1] Keen (2013).

[2] “The world is not a collection of things, it is a collection of events.” Rovelli (2017), p. 98.

[3] “Not only does the deepest layer of reality not consist of things like “oceans” and “mountains”; it doesn’t even consist of things like “electrons” and “photons.” It’s just the quantum wave function. Everything else is a convenient way of talking.” Carroll (2017), p. 171.

‘Iwa

Up before dawn
to lie in wait
for the frigatebirds,
soaring the windward coast,
east to Moku Nui
at rise.

What is time?

Leave a reply

Life is process, process is change, and time measures change. Time enables life to occur.

Aristotle conceptualized time as the measure of change more than two thousand years ago. He theorized that the experience of time requires change, therefore without change there could be no time. Aristotle’s theory was a philosophical precursor to what Einstein later recognized as spacetime.

Einstein discovered that time is not merely the measure of change; it is inextricably intertwined with space in a four-dimensional field that serves as the underlying matrix for all movement and change in the macrocosmic universe.

Change assumes movement of some kind, movement assumes space in which to move. In spacetime, time becomes the measure not only of change, but of space itself.

Without space, there is no change, and without change, there is no time

Space and time are different aspects of the unified field that is spacetime. One cannot exist without the other. Time exists because existence in space and movement in space create time. Without existence or space in which to exist, there could be no time.

Spacetime spans the macrocosmic universe. It curves and rolls around concentrations of matter, bending in response to the gravitational forces of planets, stars, and galaxies. Light traveling across the universe rides those curves, bending and rolling according to the bends and rolls of spacetime.

Where spacetime curves around large concentrations of matter, time slows as though space becomes dense and thick. If an object travels through spacetime at great velocity, time for that object slows. Time and space exist in something like a zero-sum bond, with the velocity of travel through one increasing only at the other’s expense. The faster you move through space, the slower you move through time.

The entropy of space sets the direction of time

Physicists like to say that the Big Bang created spacetime. In the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang the universe was a place of extremely high pent-up or ordered energy[1] and consequently very low entropy. The universe has been expanding rapidly ever since, transforming that reserve of free energy into disordered random heat and steadily increasing the entropy of the universe.

Physicists also say that the unrelenting increase of entropy is what sets the direction of time. Time does not flow backward because total entropy in the universe cannot decrease.[2] A basic law of physics—the Second Law of Thermodynamics—pushes entropy to increase, with time, until the universe reaches some unimaginable state of thermodynamic equilibrium far in the distant future.

Spacetime is the matrix underlying the holodeck

The Big Bang created the space in which both change can occur and time can exist. It was necessary for both to exist together because neither could exist alone.

Spacetime became the fabric of the macrocosmic universe. It is the physical and temporal location where the laws of physics play out and the great illusion of the macrocosmic universe unfolds.

If all the world’s a stage, then spacetime is that stage.[3]

[1] Also described as free energy available to do work in the universe.

[2] Does time also require an engine in addition to a direction? If time cannot go backward because total entropy in the universe cannot decrease, is there anything that makes time go forward? What makes time go at all?

[3] For one of many similar analogies, see Siegel (2017). “The Universe is a play, unfolding every time a particle interacts with another, and spacetime is the stage on which it all takes place.” https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/01/28/ask-ethan-what-is-spacetime/?sh=71ce688350bd